Application of General Full Factorial Statistical Experimental Design’s Approach for the Development of Sustainable Clay-Based Ceramics Incorporated with Malaysia’s Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag Waste

This study aims to optimize the composition (body formulation) and firing temperature of sustainable ceramic clay-based ceramics incorporated with electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag waste using general full factorial design (GFFD). The optimization is necessary minimize drawbacks high iron oxide’s fluxing agent (originated from furnace, EAF waste), which led severe surface defects closed porosity issue ceramics. Statistical analysis GFFD including model adequacy checking, variance (ANOVA), interaction plots, regression model, contour plot response optimizer were conducted in study. responses (final properties ceramics) investigated shrinkage, water absorption, apparent porosity, bulk density modulus rupture (MOR). Meanwhile, factors employed experimental parameters weight percentage (wt.%) added temperature. Upon statistical analysis, has deduced that wt.% amount temperatures are proven significantly influence final slag. results also highly significant valid for Optimized (maximum MOR, minimum absorption porosity) attained at 50 1180 °C.